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“In nature, nothing exists alone.”
― Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
DDT saved millions of lives, eradicated malaria in the United States, and started an environmental movement.
There’s a lot to this one controversial pesticide. Some paint the picture of a toxic chemical that’s only caused harm. The World Health Organization says it’s still the best tool in the fight against malaria. So is it toxic, or does it save lives? I’ll go with both.
First things first, what is DDT?
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide.
Next, a bit of history
Paul Hermann Müller discovered DDT’s value as an insecticide. He received the patent for it in 1940. 1 As the worlds first synthetic insecticide, it was seen as a modern miracle. Müller won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods” in 1948. 2
What was DDT used for?
Products containing DDT were marketed to kill everything from lice to mosquitos, house-flies, and fleas in the early 1940’s. Advertisements show women spraying it on walls and furniture inside their homes.
DDT was also used by the U.S. government to kill mosquitos spreading malaria and typhus, and by 1949, malaria was eliminated in the U.S.3
Why was DDT banned?
In 1962, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson became a best seller. Carson, a marine biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, explained the health and environmental effects of pesticides and devoted a lot of pages to DDT. The book caused a public outrage that’s credited with starting the modern environmental movement. It eventually led to the EPA banning DDT in 1972 due to long-term health effects on the environment, especially to birds.4
Is DDT still used?
Although it was banned in most countries during the 1970’s, some countries continued to use it. It was sprayed on indoor walls to prevent malaria, but also as a pesticide in agriculture.
In 2004, an international treaty called the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) went into effect restricting the use of DDT in most countries. It allowed DDT to be used for mosquito control in countries with high rates of malaria.5
“DDT is still needed today because investment to develop alternatives over the past 30 years has been grossly inadequate,” according to the World Health Organization.6 “DDT is still needed and used for disease vector control simply because there is no alternative of both equivalent efficacy and operational feasibility, especially for high-transmission areas.”
What are the health effects of DDT on humans?
In 2015, another World Health Organization agency (International Agency for Research on Cancer) released data saying DDT is “probably carcinogenic to humans.” 7 It’s linked to Alzheimer’s disease 8 and breast cancer as well.9
How are we exposed to DDT today?
Residual DDT in food is the biggest risk to us in the United States today. Up to 50% of DDT can stay in the soil for 10-15 years after application. DDT residues can still be found everywhere in the world.10
Up Next
That’s it for today’s history lesson. I hope next time you hear a pundit talk about DDT you’ll remember this story. Not because it’s the best story, but because some issues are complicated. Important ideas require that we zoom out to get the full view.
I’m also using this story as a reference for a series of articles I’ll release in the next few weeks. Here’s a sneak peek:
It’s DEET, not DDT
What about today’s mosquito repellents and bug sprays? You might have heard of DEET. It sounds a lot like DDT, but is DEET Safe?
Lice: How to get over it and get rid of them safely
Lice are gross and annoying but don’t freak out if they show up on your kid. Dealing with them is almost a right of passage for parents with young children. Today the treatments on the market are a lot safer than the DDT parents used in the 1940’s. But among today’s choices, some are safer and more effective than others. I’ll give you the data and the details, shame-free.
Malaria, Mosquitos and Why Child Survival Is The New Green
Malaria killed more than 400,000 people in 2015, 70% children. This is devastating for victims families and the world. I’ll share why this matters to you, and some things we can do about it.
The DDT, Alzheimers disease connection
We’re not spraying our kids or food with DDT anymore, but people still suffer from its consequences decades later.
Rebecca B. Kimber
Footnotes
- “Paul Müller – Biographical”. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 18 May 2018.
- “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948”. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 18 May 2018.
- “Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947 — 1951)” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html Accessed May 21, 2018
- “DDT Regulatory History: A Brief Survey (to 1975)”, The US Environmental Protection Agency, 9/14/2012, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/ddt-regulatory-history-brief-survey-1975.html, Accessed May 31, 2012
- “DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane), The Stockholm Convention, http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/PesticidePOPs/DDT/Overview/tabid/378/Default.aspx, Accessed May 31, 2018
- “The use of DDT in malaria vector control, WHO position statement,” World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme, 2011, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69945/WHO_HTM_GMP_2011_eng.pdf;jsessionid=60046D6E3CBF8AB34F6DD450EC625725?sequence=1, Accessed May 31, 2018
- “IARC Monographs evaluate DDT, lindane, and 2,4-D,” International Agency for Research on Cancer, https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr236_E.pdf Accessed May 31, 2018
- Jason R. Richardson, PhD; Ananya Roy, ScD; Stuart L. Shalat, ScD, “Elevated Serum Pesticide Levels and Risk for Alzheimer Disease”, JAMA Network, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1816015
- Barbara A. Cohn Michele La Merrill Nickilou Y. Krigbaum Gregory Yeh, June-Soo Park Lauren Zimmermann Piera M. Cirillo, “DDT Exposure in Utero and Breast Cancer,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 100, Issue 8, 1 August 2015, Pages 2865–2872, https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/100/8/2865/2836085
- (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane), The Stockholm Convention, http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/PesticidePOPs/DDT/Overview/tabid/378/Default.aspx, Accessed May 31, 2018
